There are many theories about gravity but the most prominent one is the Newtonian idea that gravity is a force of attraction between bodies. But Edwin Hubble’s discovery that our Universe is expanding seems does not fit that Newton’s version of gravity. Perhaps, one good recommendation is to temporarily put aside Newton’s version and look for other possible “bright ideas”.
There was a time in the history of mankind that people believed that the earth is the center of the Universe. Ptolemy, one of the best thinkers of that time, made complicated reasons to explain the movements of the heavenly bodies. Copernicus disagreed with him. He pointed out that one must first disregard all Ptolemy’s claims. He began by giving a new set of assumptions and analyses and came up with a simple model of the Solar System.
In this presentation, I will do the same method Copernicus did. Let us first disregard the notion that gravity is a kind of force by starting with a new set of assumptions and analyses. The initial thing to do is to find a familiar situation that will relate to gravity. Let us start with this hypothetical example:
A Journey to Infinity
Imagine a man standing inside an elevator, traveling in an accelerated velocity of 9.8 meters per second per second, in a straight path in space without any external factors that may affect his journey. The elevator is in the upward direction in respect to the man’s position, his feet touching the floor. The man thought he was still inside the building and everything was normal. He was waiting for the elevator to go up or to go down but he noticed that the elevator seems to be not moving. Unknowingly, he is in his journey of no return.
Observation:
Now, let us visualize how the elevator would speed away in space from its point of origin. The elevator starts to travel in space and gained speed fast. In the first one second of its journey, the elevator was already approaching a speed of 35.28 km per hour. It continued to increase speed every seconds of its journey. One might think that at that first one second, the elevator was already 9.8 meters away from its point of exit. Theoretically, that is wrong. The elevator started from zero speed and so, it needed time to gain speed before it approaches the speed of 35.28 km per hour. So, its actual average speed would be 17.64 km per hour. The elevator covered only a distance of 4.9 meters in that first one second of journey. Imagine, for just a winked of an eye, the elevator moved a distance of almost five meters from its former position.
The elevator is traveling in an accelerated speed, so, for the next one second of its journey, its speed would become twice. Now the elevator is approaching a speed of 70.58 km per hour (the common speed of cars in a high-way), covering an additional 9.8 meters of distance within that single lapse of one second of the journey. The elevator would then be 14.7 meters away from its point of origin and still going farther each seconds of the journey. Imagine, in just the first two ticks of a clock, it already sped away a distance of about 15 meters, how much more in a minute or an hour. What would be its speed after a year?
One might think this could be a ridiculous idea. How could a man survive such speed within a year? How about Einstein’s statement that nothing can travel more than the speed of light? Of course, in any event, there should be rules and laws to follow. This hypothetical example is just a part of a series of presentations. So, it would be unfair to make an early judgment without taking considerations of my other presentations. Another thing, I wish to emphasize that in this presentation, I assume an ideal environment which is a valid condition in Physics or any branch of Science. (Next: Three analyses that will conform to Newton’s Fundamental Laws of Motion. Pls. read “Analyzing Gravity Thru Newton’s Three Laws of Motion” by F. Mendoza Jr.)
Showing posts with label Hawking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hawking. Show all posts
Hawking’s Proposal and Einstein’s Famous Equation: The Keys To A Better Understanding of the Universe by F. Mendoza Jr.
STEPHEN HAWKING’S PROPOSAL
Stephen Hawking’s declaration that a black hole emits light and radiation was the first successful scientific prediction that was created based on a mathematical combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Today, it is confirmed that a black hole indeed emits light and radiation as Hubble Telescope verified.
Hawking then extended this idea that the same approach can be applied, such as, quantum mechanics to gravity. He emphasized that general relativity as a classical theory is no longer effective in describing the origin of the Universe due to its prediction that the Universe started from a point of singularity in an infinite density, implying that the gravitational field is tremendously strong that all existing laws of Physics would be violated at this extreme condition. He believed that there is a way to determine or predict the origin of the Universe via quantum mechanics. In 1975, he started to develop a much intensive mathematical approach to “quantum gravity” which was based on Feynman’s idea of sum over histories using imaginary time in a Euclidean space-time. He stated that in this approach, there would be no singularities in which the laws of Physics become ineffective but rather, there will exists laws that will explain the evolution of the Universe. At the end, he concluded a universe which is self-contained, without boundary or edge and neither been created nor destroyed. But at that time, he admitted that there was still no such complete and consistent theory valid enough to merge gravity and quantum mechanics (that was, in 1988). But they are positively certain of some of the possible features of such merged theory should have.
SELF-OPINION
Hawking mentioned that the idea about a black hole emitting light and radiation was one rare occasion in the history of science that a theory was created initially, in mathematical form before it was translated into a descriptive hypothesis more related to Physics. I will admit that I do not have any idea what kind of a mathematical equation Hawking used or what it looks like, to apply quantum mechanics to gravity and even so, I will also humbly admit that my highest math that I can comprehend are limited to the fundamentals of algebra and trigonometry only. But as Professor Hawking statement in the acknowledgement of his book, “A Brief History of Time”, he published his book so that even ordinary people can have the opportunity to understand his knowledge and opinions about the origin and the fate of the Universe.
He assumed that space-time is finite and at the same time without singularity that could formed a boundary or edge. If we apply these new set of assumptions in redefining gravity and came up with a hypothesis that space-time is finite but could also (and possibly), "dynamic", that is, similar to a stretching four-dimensional surface of a five dimensional balloon that steadily being blown up, the imaginary time introduced by Hawking (as his personal proposal, a mathematical tool or a device and admitted as a “trick”), in reality, could be the mathematical representation of observing the Universe in a different dimensional projection, outside the limits of a conventional world of space-time ( three dimensions of space plus the dimension of time).
Five Dimensional Balloon Model of the Universe
Imagine a transparent rubber balloon filled with water together with glitters of small pieces of gold aluminum foils inside it. If one shakes the balloon, the glitters would possibly move in random, more or less, distributed equally inside the balloon and if placed in outer space, in an environment where there is minimal influence of gravity, the glitters would remain still and suspended in the water, that separate them. Assuming that there is a water hose connected to the balloon where a supply of water could enter and if there is a continues flow of water going inside the balloon, the balloon will expand and all the glitters inside it will move in a predictable pattern due to the influence of water flowing from the outside source. This is the three-dimensional version of Hawking’s two-dimensional analogy of an expanding Universe which he described as a balloon with spotted dots on its surface that is continuously being blown up. Visualizing it in a fourth dimension, simply draw imaginary lines similar to a globe, where latitude and longitude lines cross each other, representing a curved space-time. But to visualize it in a fifth dimension, the imaginary lines should be moving outward as the balloon continues to expand while imagining the gold glitters inside the balloon, also getting bigger in proportion to the size of the balloon. If one imagines himself standing in one of the gold glitter inside the balloon, he would observe that the other glitters are moving away from him whichever direction he look at them which would obey Friedmann’s assumption. This will support Hawking’s prediction that our Universe is a kind of a self-contained universe.
EINSTEIN’S FAMOUS EQUATION
Albert Einstein became popular due to this very familiar equation, E = mc squared. This is one of the most important scientific discoveries of the Twentieth Century, proving that a very small amount of matter can generate a tremendous amount of energy. The Law of Conservation of Matter stated that matter can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be changed into another kind of matter while the Law of Conservation of Energy stated that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be transformed into another kind of energy. These were what the earlier scientists taught, until Einstein made that revelation that it is also possible that matter can be transformed directly into energy or vice versa. It turned out that those laws of "conservations" became Einstein’s law of "conversions" of matter and energy. Man successfully proven that indeed, modern science can convert matter into energy (thru nuclear reactors) but energy directly into a matter, laboratory experiments confirmed and allegedly claimed, it is now possible. The reverse process of creating matter from energy could explain the evolution of the Universe and from Einstein’s formula E= mc2, there could be another way of describing how the Universe was created.
SELF-OPINION
Stephen Hawking’s declaration that a black hole emits light and radiation was the first successful scientific prediction that was created based on a mathematical combination of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Today, it is confirmed that a black hole indeed emits light and radiation as Hubble Telescope verified.
Hawking then extended this idea that the same approach can be applied, such as, quantum mechanics to gravity. He emphasized that general relativity as a classical theory is no longer effective in describing the origin of the Universe due to its prediction that the Universe started from a point of singularity in an infinite density, implying that the gravitational field is tremendously strong that all existing laws of Physics would be violated at this extreme condition. He believed that there is a way to determine or predict the origin of the Universe via quantum mechanics. In 1975, he started to develop a much intensive mathematical approach to “quantum gravity” which was based on Feynman’s idea of sum over histories using imaginary time in a Euclidean space-time. He stated that in this approach, there would be no singularities in which the laws of Physics become ineffective but rather, there will exists laws that will explain the evolution of the Universe. At the end, he concluded a universe which is self-contained, without boundary or edge and neither been created nor destroyed. But at that time, he admitted that there was still no such complete and consistent theory valid enough to merge gravity and quantum mechanics (that was, in 1988). But they are positively certain of some of the possible features of such merged theory should have.
SELF-OPINION
Hawking mentioned that the idea about a black hole emitting light and radiation was one rare occasion in the history of science that a theory was created initially, in mathematical form before it was translated into a descriptive hypothesis more related to Physics. I will admit that I do not have any idea what kind of a mathematical equation Hawking used or what it looks like, to apply quantum mechanics to gravity and even so, I will also humbly admit that my highest math that I can comprehend are limited to the fundamentals of algebra and trigonometry only. But as Professor Hawking statement in the acknowledgement of his book, “A Brief History of Time”, he published his book so that even ordinary people can have the opportunity to understand his knowledge and opinions about the origin and the fate of the Universe.
He assumed that space-time is finite and at the same time without singularity that could formed a boundary or edge. If we apply these new set of assumptions in redefining gravity and came up with a hypothesis that space-time is finite but could also (and possibly), "dynamic", that is, similar to a stretching four-dimensional surface of a five dimensional balloon that steadily being blown up, the imaginary time introduced by Hawking (as his personal proposal, a mathematical tool or a device and admitted as a “trick”), in reality, could be the mathematical representation of observing the Universe in a different dimensional projection, outside the limits of a conventional world of space-time ( three dimensions of space plus the dimension of time).
Five Dimensional Balloon Model of the Universe
Imagine a transparent rubber balloon filled with water together with glitters of small pieces of gold aluminum foils inside it. If one shakes the balloon, the glitters would possibly move in random, more or less, distributed equally inside the balloon and if placed in outer space, in an environment where there is minimal influence of gravity, the glitters would remain still and suspended in the water, that separate them. Assuming that there is a water hose connected to the balloon where a supply of water could enter and if there is a continues flow of water going inside the balloon, the balloon will expand and all the glitters inside it will move in a predictable pattern due to the influence of water flowing from the outside source. This is the three-dimensional version of Hawking’s two-dimensional analogy of an expanding Universe which he described as a balloon with spotted dots on its surface that is continuously being blown up. Visualizing it in a fourth dimension, simply draw imaginary lines similar to a globe, where latitude and longitude lines cross each other, representing a curved space-time. But to visualize it in a fifth dimension, the imaginary lines should be moving outward as the balloon continues to expand while imagining the gold glitters inside the balloon, also getting bigger in proportion to the size of the balloon. If one imagines himself standing in one of the gold glitter inside the balloon, he would observe that the other glitters are moving away from him whichever direction he look at them which would obey Friedmann’s assumption. This will support Hawking’s prediction that our Universe is a kind of a self-contained universe.
EINSTEIN’S FAMOUS EQUATION
Albert Einstein became popular due to this very familiar equation, E = mc squared. This is one of the most important scientific discoveries of the Twentieth Century, proving that a very small amount of matter can generate a tremendous amount of energy. The Law of Conservation of Matter stated that matter can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be changed into another kind of matter while the Law of Conservation of Energy stated that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be transformed into another kind of energy. These were what the earlier scientists taught, until Einstein made that revelation that it is also possible that matter can be transformed directly into energy or vice versa. It turned out that those laws of "conservations" became Einstein’s law of "conversions" of matter and energy. Man successfully proven that indeed, modern science can convert matter into energy (thru nuclear reactors) but energy directly into a matter, laboratory experiments confirmed and allegedly claimed, it is now possible. The reverse process of creating matter from energy could explain the evolution of the Universe and from Einstein’s formula E= mc2, there could be another way of describing how the Universe was created.
SELF-OPINION
( Note: No approved Scientific Substance, simply an informal theory)
Big-Bang and Steady State Combined Theory
In general relativity, the Universe was predicted that it came from a point of singularity with infinite density, that is, so small and yet so massive. But there seems to be inconsistencies to that idea. First, how can be a thing be so massive and yet so small, unless it is a black hole? Second, how can one describe (physically) the reverse process of a black hole?
If we consider that the expansion of the Universe is due to the new matter that being steadily created from within the very fabric of space-time, there should be a source where this new matter came from. Maybe, before our Universe was born, there were only two entities that exist, the entity of a “totally empty space” and the entity of a “pure energy”. This totally empty space could be in absolute vacuum and also spatially infinite, while the other entity, the pure energy could be in its highest form in which it does not contain any kind of elementary particle but absolutely, a wave-energy. Initially, this pure energy could have been no physical dimension at all which could be infinitely small in size but possess a tremendous amount of potential energy (almost infinite). At the very first fraction of a second, it released a steady and continues amount of energy in all directions from its point of source, now in a kinetic state at a pulsating or oscillating pattern (frequency of almost infinite cycles per second). The waves are initially at the accelerating speeds covering a large surface area at an exponential rate of expansion from the point of source and began to decelerate as their energies began to decrease. Having lost their energies, they began to convert into new matter (as one unit), composed of the "true" elementary particles (could possibly be much smaller than quarks). The next batch of waves tend to push the new matter as they had the capacity to exert force but in the process, they would also loss energy and be converted into new matter. Layer by layer, the new matter became thicker that the waves of energy, having the same strength of force as to the first batches of waves would simply bounce off (since they did not totally loss energies to convert into new matter). In that process, they would collide with the outgoing waves exerted by the pure energy and oscillate on their own. The collisions of waves increases the temperature of the surroundings and if two opposing waves having the same strength and speed collide head on, they would not evaporate or disappear as most of us thought, they would virtually loss energy and automatically convert themselves into new matter. The process continues and the environment became very hot, in a chaotic state and the forces of waves began to break into different strengths into what are known as the elementary forces of nature – strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force. The new matter, individually, clumped together and formed into elementary particles, then into simple elements of hydrogen and helium, into complex chemical compounds and the story end up similar to the Hot Big Bang Theory, except that in this proposal, the Universe was born in silence, omitting the words “big bang”.
This proposal automatically eliminate Guth’s suggestion of an extra-special energy possessing an anti-gravitational effect, similar to Einstein’s cosmological constant, if only one accept and consider that gravity is not an attracting force. This will also eliminate his argument that the total energy in the Universe is exactly equal to “zero”, believing that the Universe is an ultimate “free lunch”. The more appropriate proposal would be that the total amount of energy in the Universe depends on how much new matter (as one unit) was converted into “real matter” out of the pure energy. So there is no need to assume that matter energy is positive while gravitational energy is negative. This proposal also supports Linde’s idea of a slow phase transition inside a bubble which could really and possibly be, bigger than the size of the Universe. The new matter at the boundary that separate the waves created by the pure energy and the totally empty space acts like the transparent surface of Linde’s bubble. It could never be developed into real matters, the oscillating waves having enough forces would just push these layers of new matter outwardly while the weaker waves would just bounce back and forth until they lost energies and convert into "true" elementary particles and fill the gaps in between the empty spaces inside this extra-ordinary bubble. Some waves, having much greater forces would possibly put pressure to a now developing matters and compressed them to form into gas, liquid and solid matters that form the stars and galaxies. The process could be in a slow phase, a change from symmetry into broken symmetry.
If we consider that the expansion of the Universe is due to the new matter that being steadily created from within the very fabric of space-time, there should be a source where this new matter came from. Maybe, before our Universe was born, there were only two entities that exist, the entity of a “totally empty space” and the entity of a “pure energy”. This totally empty space could be in absolute vacuum and also spatially infinite, while the other entity, the pure energy could be in its highest form in which it does not contain any kind of elementary particle but absolutely, a wave-energy. Initially, this pure energy could have been no physical dimension at all which could be infinitely small in size but possess a tremendous amount of potential energy (almost infinite). At the very first fraction of a second, it released a steady and continues amount of energy in all directions from its point of source, now in a kinetic state at a pulsating or oscillating pattern (frequency of almost infinite cycles per second). The waves are initially at the accelerating speeds covering a large surface area at an exponential rate of expansion from the point of source and began to decelerate as their energies began to decrease. Having lost their energies, they began to convert into new matter (as one unit), composed of the "true" elementary particles (could possibly be much smaller than quarks). The next batch of waves tend to push the new matter as they had the capacity to exert force but in the process, they would also loss energy and be converted into new matter. Layer by layer, the new matter became thicker that the waves of energy, having the same strength of force as to the first batches of waves would simply bounce off (since they did not totally loss energies to convert into new matter). In that process, they would collide with the outgoing waves exerted by the pure energy and oscillate on their own. The collisions of waves increases the temperature of the surroundings and if two opposing waves having the same strength and speed collide head on, they would not evaporate or disappear as most of us thought, they would virtually loss energy and automatically convert themselves into new matter. The process continues and the environment became very hot, in a chaotic state and the forces of waves began to break into different strengths into what are known as the elementary forces of nature – strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force. The new matter, individually, clumped together and formed into elementary particles, then into simple elements of hydrogen and helium, into complex chemical compounds and the story end up similar to the Hot Big Bang Theory, except that in this proposal, the Universe was born in silence, omitting the words “big bang”.
This proposal automatically eliminate Guth’s suggestion of an extra-special energy possessing an anti-gravitational effect, similar to Einstein’s cosmological constant, if only one accept and consider that gravity is not an attracting force. This will also eliminate his argument that the total energy in the Universe is exactly equal to “zero”, believing that the Universe is an ultimate “free lunch”. The more appropriate proposal would be that the total amount of energy in the Universe depends on how much new matter (as one unit) was converted into “real matter” out of the pure energy. So there is no need to assume that matter energy is positive while gravitational energy is negative. This proposal also supports Linde’s idea of a slow phase transition inside a bubble which could really and possibly be, bigger than the size of the Universe. The new matter at the boundary that separate the waves created by the pure energy and the totally empty space acts like the transparent surface of Linde’s bubble. It could never be developed into real matters, the oscillating waves having enough forces would just push these layers of new matter outwardly while the weaker waves would just bounce back and forth until they lost energies and convert into "true" elementary particles and fill the gaps in between the empty spaces inside this extra-ordinary bubble. Some waves, having much greater forces would possibly put pressure to a now developing matters and compressed them to form into gas, liquid and solid matters that form the stars and galaxies. The process could be in a slow phase, a change from symmetry into broken symmetry.
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